Congenital defects

• Intracardiac shunting lesions
  • A defect or hole in the septum separating the 2 ventricles that allows blood to traverse from one side of the heart to the other
  • Shunting can be:
    • Left side of the heart to the right
    • Right side of the heart to the left
    • Bidirectional
  • Right heart
    • Systemic veins, inferior vena cava (IVC), and superior vena cava (SVC)
    • Atrium
    • Ventricle
    • Great artery/pulmonary artery
  • Left heart
    • Pulmonary veins
    • Atrium
    • Ventricle
    • Great artery/aorta
• Left-to-right shunting lesions
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  • Atrial septal defect (ASD)
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  • Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
  • Arteriovenous malformations
• Right-to-left shunting lesions
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Eisenmenger syndrome
    • Untreated septal defect
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Pulmonary atresia
    • No prograde flow across the pulmonary valve
  • Ebstein anomaly
  • Anomalous pulmonary venous return (PVR)
    • Total
    • Partial
  • Dextrorotation
    • Rightward transposition of the great arteries
• Left-sided obstructive lesions
  • Characterized by impedance to blood flow from the systemic ventricle (generally the left) to the body
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Coarctation of the aorta
• Complete mixing lesion/single-ventricle heart
  • Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO ₂) is the same in both the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
    • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
    • Tricuspid atresia

Acquired heart disease

• Infectious
  • Infectious endocarditis (IE)
    • Bacterial infection of the endocardium or endothelium of the heart
  • Myocarditis
    • Generalized inflammation of the cardiac muscular walls
  • Pericatrditis
    • Inflammation of the pericardium
    • Both the parietal and the visceral layers of the pericardium are inflamed.
• Cardiomyopathies
  • Any structural or functional abnormality of the ventricular myocardium that is not associated with congenital heart disease or diseases of the coronary arteries, cardiac valves, or pulmonary vasculature
    • Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
    • Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)
    • Miscellaneous cardiomyopathies