The vast majority of the patients in the primary care pediatrician's practice have some form of health insurance that covers a significant proportion of the charges for office visits, immunizations, laboratory tests, imaging, medications, and, of course, hospital expenses and other ancillary health care needs. Because more than 70% of US children are covered by employer-based insurance, this form of coverage is discussed first. Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program, and the problem of uninsured children are discussed later in the chapter.